draw an arc using c

swapping of two numbers in c++

                           

         



                        swapping of two numbers in c++ programming

PIPELINING OF 8086 PROCESSOR

The concept of pipe lining was introducing by intel with 8086 processors. due to this concept the execution of the program becomes faster. the pipe line is nothing but a queue of 6 instruction pre fetched   from the memory. The first instruction of queue when queue is going to execution unit as ALU then the queue move forward and one new instruction come from memory so that the queue always field from 6 instructions. The ALU does not has to wait for the instruction come from memory. The instruction already pre fetched and made available for the ALU   

microprocessors Evolution

Memory segment of 8086 microprocessor

MEMORY SEGMENTATION OF 8086 PROCESSOR

The 8086 processor can access a total of 1MB of memory by using 20bit address. But the total 1MB memory is not used as a whole instead there are four segment created in the entire memory. The size of each segment is 64KB these segments are called

1.    Code segment

2.    Data segment

3.    Stack segment

4.    Extra segment

         A example of memory segmentation is shown in figure above where the code segment start from 2000H to 2FFFFH all the address are a Hexa decimal system the data segment address are 40000H to 4FFFFH similarly stack segment is from 70000H to 7FFFFH and extra segment address are from 80000H to 8FFFFH

                                                  so,each segment has a range of address from 0000H to FFFFH. It is a 16 bit address range. so, total address are 2¹⁶  = 64KB per segment.

ELECTRONICS

                 Block diagram of 8085 microprocessor

pins                 defination

SID       =        Serial input data

SOD     =        Serial output data

RST      =        Result

INTR    =        Interrupt Request

ALE      =        Address latch enable

CLK      =       Clock

HLDA   =       Hold acknowledge

INTA     =       Interrupt request knowledge

WR        =       Read/Write

ELECTRONICS

                Basic of microprocessor

The complete CPU circuit which is fabricated on single IC chip is called microprocessor

microprocessor contains the ALU, Control unit and number of register for different purpose

Externally it has number of pins as data bus, control bus, address bus, and some other communication signal. A microprocessor is programmable device which can perform a number of arithmetic and logic operation. It requires input devices and output devices and memory.

Features of 8085 processor

1.    It is 40 pins IC in the form of dual in line package(DIP)

2.    It requires +5v DC power supply with respect to ground

3.    It is an 8bit microprocessor that mean it receives 8bit data, 8bit instruction and generate 8bit result

4.    Its internal register is also 8bit wide and its ALU and Accumulator are also 8bit size

5.    It generates 16bit address for memory so, it is able to access             2¹⁶   =64KB of memory

6.    It operates at clock frequency of 3MH_Z  

7.    its instruction set contains 78 different instructions of these instruction.

8.    It can transmit and receives data both in serial as well as parallel formats.

9.    It supports both hardware as well as software interrupt operations there are five interrupts available in pins and there are 8 software interrupts available as instructions

10.                       Its data bus Address bus are multiplex that mean some set of 8bit carry the address as well as data on time shearing bases

11.                       The internal circuitry of 8085 uses 6500 switching transistor of MOS technology

12.                       It was launched in the year of 1976 by intel corporation of US